You can specify this same "linked-adapter" syntax in q2-cutadapt, without it you are essentially comparing apples to oranges. Try updating your q2-cutadapt invocation to something like:
qiime cutadapt trim-paired \
--i-demultiplexed-sequences demux-paired-end.qza \
--p-adapter-f 'GTGARTCATCGAATCTTTG...GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGA' \
--p-adapter-r 'TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC...CAAAGATTCGATGAYTCAC' \
--p-cores 2 \
--o-trimmed-sequences trimmed-seqs.qza \
--p-discard-untrimmed \
--p-overlap 10 \
--p-minimum-length 50 \
--verbose \
--p-error-rate 0.13 \
Take a close look at the command above, I edited several things, including the parameters used, and also, your adapter pairs didn't appear to match between your standalone cutadapt and q2-cutadapt invocations.
Anyway, please give that a shot and let us know how it goes! 